-
Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reaction of Catalytic Dehydroaromatization of Methane
Normurot I. Fayzullaev,
Bakhriddin Sh. Shukurov,
Abdulatif O’. Normuminov
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, November 2017
Pages:
124-129
Received:
24 February 2017
Accepted:
27 May 2017
Published:
31 October 2017
Abstract: In the work the influence of various parameters on methane conversion and reaction yield of the reaction of methane dehydroaromatization was studied. Based on obtained results the mechanisms of activation of the methane molecule and proceeding of the process were offered. Kinetic equations of formation reactions of coke, benzene, toluene, xylene were improved and expressed in terms of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood equation.
Abstract: In the work the influence of various parameters on methane conversion and reaction yield of the reaction of methane dehydroaromatization was studied. Based on obtained results the mechanisms of activation of the methane molecule and proceeding of the process were offered. Kinetic equations of formation reactions of coke, benzene, toluene, xylene we...
Show More
-
Socio-Economic Survey of Heavy Rain in Shaheed Benazeerabad, Pakistan
Fahad Raza Bhambhro,
Farhan Hussain Wagan,
Abdul Hafeez Buller,
Ghulam Hussain Wagan
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, November 2017
Pages:
130-138
Received:
3 December 2016
Accepted:
17 January 2017
Published:
12 November 2017
Abstract: Average rainfall in Pakistan is very low and irregular in sindh plain. Mostly high order rainfall occurs from July to September in a monsoon period. Due to heavy rain in September 2011, floods are come in left bank of drain and it has many impacts on the various towns and rural areas of sindh were observed, at least 360 people were killed, some 5.330 Million people were affected and 1.21 Million homes affected as well 1.74 Million Acres of arable land inundated. The storm originated in bay of Bengal move northwest worldly across the gigantic plains and with passage of time reaches Indus plains. The (2011) heavy downpour caused a high damaged became of improper disposals of run-off insufficient and chocked drainage system caused stagnancies of surface as well as ground water and impacted badly on infrastructure of buildings, roads, agriculture human and animal life. Floods if not mitigated in time are most serious environmental threat to the country. It needs a careful and wise policy planning and formulation of strategies to combat floods and control destruction which they cause. It was therefore deemed fit to take up this project and investigate the actual pros and cons of the heavy downpour destruction and formulate some intensive strategies to mitigate such calamity in future without much damage of epitome of this research project. Data was collected from social survey in premises of town, different departments including Non Governmental Organizations and Governmental Departments and also solutions on immediate basis are discussed [1].
Abstract: Average rainfall in Pakistan is very low and irregular in sindh plain. Mostly high order rainfall occurs from July to September in a monsoon period. Due to heavy rain in September 2011, floods are come in left bank of drain and it has many impacts on the various towns and rural areas of sindh were observed, at least 360 people were killed, some 5.3...
Show More
-
Study on Coal Mining and Utilization Model and Elastic Development in Post-Industry Age
Ru Zhang,
Yixin Cui,
Jihong Dong
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, November 2017
Pages:
139-144
Received:
16 November 2017
Published:
21 November 2017
Abstract: Clean, efficient, green energy utilization demand put forward new requirements for the traditional mining. Based on the theory of elastic development, taking coal resources development and utilization as the leading factor, the paper explores the coal resources production mode, coal mining enterprise management and coal mining area elastic development in the background of post-industry age from the perspective of technological development, realistic requirements and field cooperation. Conclusion: (1) Changes in production methods, in the post-industrial age, the coal exploitation and utilization will achieve green precision mining for less consumption and less ecological disturbance, circular economy for clean and efficient utilization, zero emissions and harmless disposal of waste; (2) Management innovation of coal mining enterprise, the coal mining enterprises will realize the mine system intelligent management for the new technologies emergence of artificial intelligence, virtual simulation, internet sensing and all-round, visual real-time dynamic monitoring et al; (3) Elastic development of coal mining area, the coal mining area will realize the all-round development of engineering elasticity, economic elasticity, social elasticity and ecological elasticity for the more completed structure and functions, the more improved ability of self recovery and resist external risks, and more enhanced integrity and completeness of system.
Abstract: Clean, efficient, green energy utilization demand put forward new requirements for the traditional mining. Based on the theory of elastic development, taking coal resources development and utilization as the leading factor, the paper explores the coal resources production mode, coal mining enterprise management and coal mining area elastic developm...
Show More
-
CO2 Hydrogenation for Ethanol Production: A Thermodynamic Analysis
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, November 2017
Pages:
145-152
Received:
16 November 2017
Published:
21 November 2017
Abstract: The thermodynamics of CO2 hydrogenation to ethanol synthesis was analyzed by using the principle of Gibbs free energy minimization. According to the reaction mechanism, the product components of the reaction system were determined. The effects of reaction temperature, pressure and the molar ratio of hydrogen to carbon on the equilibrium products were investigated. The results show that methane has a high selectivity in equilibrium products. In order to analyze the influence of reaction conditions on the target product of ethanol, the thermodynamics of CO2 hydrogenation was studied in methane free products. Since the process of CO2 hydrogenation is accompanied by the CO hydrogenation reaction (FT synthesis), the CO hydrogenation process was also analyzed and compared with CO2 hydrogenation. The results show that the CO hydrogenation has more advantages than the CO2 hydrogenation, and that low temperature and high pressure can improve CO2/CO conversion and the selectivity of ethanol. The suitable H2/CO2 molar ratio in the CO2 hydrogenation is 3.0-5.0, while the suitable H2/CO molar ratio in the CO hydrogenation is 0.5-2.0. The comparison of the simulation results with the related experimental results shows that the hydrogenation catalyst needs to be developed continuously to improve the conversion of raw materials and the selectivity to the target product.
Abstract: The thermodynamics of CO2 hydrogenation to ethanol synthesis was analyzed by using the principle of Gibbs free energy minimization. According to the reaction mechanism, the product components of the reaction system were determined. The effects of reaction temperature, pressure and the molar ratio of hydrogen to carbon on the equilibrium products we...
Show More
-
Liquid Phase Hydrogenation of Maleic Acid Diethyl Ester and Its Mixture with 4-Nitrotoluene over Modified Skeletal Nickel
Andrei Vladimirovich Afineevskii,
Tatiana Yurievna Osadchaia,
Dmitrii Alekseevich Prozorov,
Mikhail Viktorovich Lukin,
Yaroslav Pavlovich Suhachev,
Marina Dmitrievna Chelysheva,
Vladislav Olegovich Gundorov
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, November 2017
Pages:
153-157
Received:
17 February 2017
Accepted:
10 March 2017
Published:
28 November 2017
Abstract: 4-aminotoluene is known as a good octane additive, the mixture of maleic acid diethyl ester and Succinate acid diethyl ester has good lubricating characteristics. The process of hydrogenation of maleic acid diethyl ester at atmospheric pressure in aqueous solution of 2-propanol over skeletal nickel and modified skeletal one was investigated. It is established that the nickel surface modification by sulfur does not lead to the increase of the catalyst activity in the hydrogenation of maleic acid diethyl ester as opposed to 4-nitrotoluene. The principal possibility of selective hydrogenation of mixture of maleic acid diethyl ester with 4-nitrotoluene was demonstrated.
Abstract: 4-aminotoluene is known as a good octane additive, the mixture of maleic acid diethyl ester and Succinate acid diethyl ester has good lubricating characteristics. The process of hydrogenation of maleic acid diethyl ester at atmospheric pressure in aqueous solution of 2-propanol over skeletal nickel and modified skeletal one was investigated. It is ...
Show More
-
Inhibition of Steel Corrosion in Simulated Oilfield Acidizing Medium Using Metallic Soap from Local Biomaterial
Ekemini Ituen,
James Asuquo,
Edidiong Essien
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, November 2017
Pages:
158-166
Received:
12 February 2017
Accepted:
9 March 2017
Published:
29 November 2017
Abstract: Metallic soap prepared by saponification of melon seed oil (Cucumeropsis mannii N) with copper (II) salt was investigated as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel corrosion in 1 M hydrochloric acid solution. Results reveal that the metallic soap inhibited the corrosion process by spontaneous physical adsorption of the phytochemicals of the seed oil onto the mild steel surface. The highest inhibition efficiency of 82.7% was obtained at 30°C with 10 g/L of the metallic soap, but this efficiency decreased with increase in temperature. The fractional surface coverage data best fitted into Temkin adsorption model which was used to predict the inhibitor-metal binding strength as a function of temperature. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric assessment of copper (II) ion composition in the inhibitor afforded a value within the safe limit for health, environment and personnel. Density functional theorem (DFT) studies provided supportive evidence of possible involvement of the fatty acid phyto-components in the adsorption process. The mechanism of inhibition was also predicted by applying the recent temperature coefficient of inhibition efficiency equation.
Abstract: Metallic soap prepared by saponification of melon seed oil (Cucumeropsis mannii N) with copper (II) salt was investigated as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel corrosion in 1 M hydrochloric acid solution. Results reveal that the metallic soap inhibited the corrosion process by spontaneous physical adsorption of the phytochemicals of the seed oil on...
Show More
-
The Effect of Compositions (PIONA) on the Octane Numbers of Environmental Gasolines of Reformate, Isomerate and Hydrocracked Naphtha Blends by Using GC
Nada Shedid Ali,
Tarek Mohammad Aboul-Fotouh
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, November 2017
Pages:
167-174
Received:
5 October 2017
Accepted:
23 October 2017
Published:
7 December 2017
Abstract: This paper will discuss the effect of compositions (PIONA) on the octane numbers of environmental gasolines of reformate, isomerate, and hydrocracked naphtha blends by using gas chromatography analyses. Six blends have been studied to produce environmental gasolines according to the European standard specifications of Euro 3, 4, 5, and 6. Moreover, the observation and evaluation of blends depend on how to reduce the aromatic content which causes many harms to the environment and thus other components must be taken into study. In addition, all blends have shown that iso-paraffins are with composition of more than 36 vol.% and these contribute to the production of high quality environmental gasolines. The results represent that blends 1 and 2 have 39.051 vol.% and 37.503 vol.% of aromatics respectively which allow the samples to lie within the specifications of Euro 3. Furthermore, blends 3 and 4 have 37.717 vol.% and 33.947 vol.% of aromatics respectively which allow the samples to lie within the specifications of Euro 4. In addition, the environmental gasoline blends 5 and 6 have 31.450 vol.% and 28.746 vol.% respectively of aromatics which match within the specifications of Euro 5 and 6 that represent the present specifications until 2020. Finally, all these blends are ready to be used in our country instead of the regular gasoline with Euro 2 specifications.
Abstract: This paper will discuss the effect of compositions (PIONA) on the octane numbers of environmental gasolines of reformate, isomerate, and hydrocracked naphtha blends by using gas chromatography analyses. Six blends have been studied to produce environmental gasolines according to the European standard specifications of Euro 3, 4, 5, and 6. Moreover,...
Show More
-
PVT Properties of Live Crude Oils from Upstream Production Platforms
Luciana Loureiro de Pinho Rolemberg de Andrade,
Krishnaswamy Rajagopal
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, November 2017
Pages:
175-183
Received:
11 October 2017
Accepted:
13 November 2017
Published:
12 December 2017
Abstract: The physical and compositional properties of live crude oils strongly affect the strategy of transportation of oil and gas from reservoirs to the stock tank and their storage. The relevant PVT properties of live crude oils like solution gas-oil ratio and oil formation volume factor should be measured preferably in laboratory for different pressures at the process or reservoir temperature. The sampling and PVT analysis include time consuming or expensive procedures and the data obtained are correlated for interpolation or estimation of properties. These properties vary considerably for different classes of crude oils. We obtain experimental data of crude oils properties from the PVT analysis of primary high-pressure separator samples of 260 live paraffinic-naphthenic crude oils from forty-four Brazilian oil wells. The solution gas-oil ratio and oil formation volume factor were obtained within experimental uncertainties of 5.79% and 1.00%, respectively. We have compared the results with the estimates of several cubic equations of state as well as with widely used literature correlations. The best equation of state estimate solution gas-oil ratio with average absolute percent relative error (AARE) of 10.36%, better than the empirical correlations in the literature using measured temperature, pressure and composition, the empirical correlation for solution gas-oil ratio with parameters estimated from the experimental data shows an AARE of 10.77%. The equations of state and literature correlations estimate the oil formation volume factor with an AARE about 2%, which is lower than the needed accuracy. The measured oil formation volume factors are correlated with an average absolute percent relative error of 1.18%, with a proposed correlation using readily measured liquid densities and solution gas-oil ratio. We can estimate the solution gas-oil ratio by Peng-Robinson equation of state and oil formation volume factor by proposed correlation to the needed accuracy for live paraffinic-naphthenic crude oils under separator conditions from composition, temperature and densities of gas and oil.
Abstract: The physical and compositional properties of live crude oils strongly affect the strategy of transportation of oil and gas from reservoirs to the stock tank and their storage. The relevant PVT properties of live crude oils like solution gas-oil ratio and oil formation volume factor should be measured preferably in laboratory for different pressures...
Show More
-
Information-Categorical Formalization of Processes and Objects of Oil and Gas Object Domain
Mykola Yatsyshyn,
Vladimir Yurchushun,
Yaroslav Storog,
Mykola Pasyeka
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 6, November 2017
Pages:
184-188
Received:
7 February 2017
Accepted:
1 March 2017
Published:
15 January 2018
Abstract: In this research paper there was made a new approach to the oil and gas index area description at the category level and inorganic deposit in a borehole formation prognostication process at the category level. The importance of the decision support problem on the levels of exploration, prospecting and exploitation of oil and gas deposits has revived high and permanent interest in this scope of an inquiry. Theory of category use for the quantity and quality info streams calculation for the weak-structured oil and gas object description. It is efficient to use the existing oil and gas field stripping technologies on the basis of this theory.
Abstract: In this research paper there was made a new approach to the oil and gas index area description at the category level and inorganic deposit in a borehole formation prognostication process at the category level. The importance of the decision support problem on the levels of exploration, prospecting and exploitation of oil and gas deposits has revive...
Show More
