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Recycling of Waste Engine Oils Using Different Acids as Washing Agents
Salah Eldeen F. Hegazi,
Yasir A. Mohamd,
Mohammed Ibrahim Hassan
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 5, September 2017
Pages:
69-74
Received:
3 February 2017
Accepted:
27 February 2017
Published:
23 October 2017
Abstract: This paper addresses recycling of waste engine oils treated using by (acetic acid and formic acid). A recycling process was developed which eventually led to comparable results with some of the conventional methods. This gives the recycled oil the potential to be reused in cars’ engines after adding the required additives. The advantage of using the (acetic acid or formic acid) is that it does not react or only reacts slightly with base oils. The recycling process takes place at room temperature. It has been shown that base oils and oils’ additives are slightly affected by the acetic acid. Upon adding (acetic acid or formic acid) to the used oil, two layers were separated, a transparent dark red colored oil and a black dark sludge at the bottom of the container. The base oils resulting from other recycling methods were compared to the results of the fresh oil. The comparison showed that the recycled oil produced by acetic acid and formic acid treatment showed excellent results in the properties of the oil comparable to the fresh oil. Using volumetric ratio of 10:1 oil to acetic acid result in density 0.87 g/ml and this close to fresh oil mean while using ratio of 10:1 oil to formic acid result in viscosity 30 cp and this equivalent to fresh oil.
Abstract: This paper addresses recycling of waste engine oils treated using by (acetic acid and formic acid). A recycling process was developed which eventually led to comparable results with some of the conventional methods. This gives the recycled oil the potential to be reused in cars’ engines after adding the required additives. The advantage of using th...
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Identification of Major Crop Production Constraints and Technology Needs in H1 Agro-ecology of Alga PA in South Ari District of South Omo Zone
Misgana Mitiku,
Mehari G/michael,
Tamirat Gutema,
Awoke Tadesse,
Wondimu Adila,
Wondewosen Shiferaw,
Geremew Biramo
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 5, September 2017
Pages:
75-79
Received:
7 April 2017
Accepted:
26 April 2017
Published:
24 October 2017
Abstract: The livelihood of over 93% of the people of Southern Nation Nationality and peoples Regional state of Ethiopia dependent on agriculture; however, agricultural system in the region is at subsistence level. Much effort has been put to produce or adapt agricultural technologies that would help to boost production and productivity but only few technologies adopt by the end users. Because, technologies might have not be driven from the real need of the end users. A top bottom approach that dominantly centered researchers/ professional attitudes has been fallowed. For the successful research and development, an agro-ecology based evaluation is crucial to know the specific farming system production practices and problems and technology needs of farmers and /or pastoralists. In this line, an assessment study was conducted in H1 agro-ecology of Alga PA in South Ari district of South Omo zone. The rain fall pattern is bimodal. Major crops grown in the area are Sorghum Maize, Common bean, finger millet, Cassava, Irish Potato, Sweet Potato, Taro, Banana, Coffee, and Peppers.
Abstract: The livelihood of over 93% of the people of Southern Nation Nationality and peoples Regional state of Ethiopia dependent on agriculture; however, agricultural system in the region is at subsistence level. Much effort has been put to produce or adapt agricultural technologies that would help to boost production and productivity but only few technolo...
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An Investigation on the Feasibility of Simulating the Distillation Curves and ASTM Distillation Temperature
Khalid Farhod Chasib,
Srikanth Karthik P.
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 5, September 2017
Pages:
80-89
Received:
31 October 2016
Accepted:
22 December 2016
Published:
24 October 2017
Abstract: For the reliable design of crude oil and residua fractionators and fired heaters, accurate calculation method for ASTM Distillation curves and ASTM distillation temperature at the required volume percentage distilled is necessary. The present work deals with fitting literature data of ASTM Distillation curves and obtain a new correlation suitable to use in modeling when optimizing the refining processes, such as distillation, FCC, catalytic reforming, hydrotreating, etc. The results showed that the values predicted by the new correlation are in very close agreement with literature data and the range of mean overall deviation (%MOD) is (0.305-0.585). Also a shortcut correlation is presented to calculate the ASTM distillation temperature at the required volume percentage distilled. Based on temperatures obtained we can have an estimate of the heating costs involved to perform distillation and temperature at which different cuts are obtained.
Abstract: For the reliable design of crude oil and residua fractionators and fired heaters, accurate calculation method for ASTM Distillation curves and ASTM distillation temperature at the required volume percentage distilled is necessary. The present work deals with fitting literature data of ASTM Distillation curves and obtain a new correlation suitable t...
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Effect of Network Topology on Relative Permeability; Network Model and Experimental Approaches
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 5, September 2017
Pages:
90-96
Received:
1 January 2017
Accepted:
31 January 2017
Published:
24 October 2017
Abstract: The effect of topological properties on imbibition relative permeabilities and residual saturations was previously studied by utilizing quasi-static network model topologies extracted from actual sandstones 3D micro-tomographic images. Non-wetting fluid in imbibition displacements can be disconnected by snap-off as a result of swelling of wetting films in the corners of pores and throats. The findings showed that the effect of topology on imbibition relative permeabilities depends on the level of snap-off. For strongly wetting conditions where snap-off dominates the displacement the effect of network topology is significantly smaller than for weakly wet conditions where snap-off is suppressed. The findings were valid for random networks and for networks displaying short-range pore-throat and longer-range spatial correlations. The aim of this study is to validate network model findings by comparing them with laboratory measurements of relative permeabilities. Laboratory measured data include imbibition relative permeability for sandstones of similar petrophysical properties to Fontainebleau sandstone used to extract 3D micro-tomographic images. Laboratory measurements were made at ambient conditions on core samples of different diameters and different porosities and permeabilities. Experimental measurements were in good qualitative agreement with stochastic networks that match the full coordination number distribution and geometric properties of networks obtained from 3D micro-CT images. Experimental measurements were also in good agreement with networks displaying both short-range pore-throat correlations and longer-range spatial correlations.
Abstract: The effect of topological properties on imbibition relative permeabilities and residual saturations was previously studied by utilizing quasi-static network model topologies extracted from actual sandstones 3D micro-tomographic images. Non-wetting fluid in imbibition displacements can be disconnected by snap-off as a result of swelling of wetting f...
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Determination of the Physical Properties of Near Surface Layers of Omerulu Area, Nigeria, Using Seismic Refraction Method
Olowofela Joseph Adeniyi,
Akinyemi Olukayode Dewunmi,
Odumosu Olutayo,
Ajani Olumide Oyewale
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 5, September 2017
Pages:
97-115
Received:
5 April 2017
Accepted:
20 April 2017
Published:
24 October 2017
Abstract: Seismic refraction method is a geophysical technique used to study physical properties of the subsurface such as layer thicknesses, travel times and velocities of seismic signals through the layers. The process of turning seismic refraction data to useful information involves use of first arrival times and offsets. In this study, the near surface investigation of the physical properties of the unconsolidated and consolidated layers was carried out in Omerelu, Rivers State of Nigeria. Omerelu lies between latitude 050 08’N and 050 13’N and longitude 060 51’E and 060 58’E. Previous investigations were based on refection method in which the near surface effect caused misalignment in the deeper horizons observed in the final stack of the reflection data. This problem was solved by running a seismic refraction survey over the area. The study involved identification of points at which data would be acquired to give a good overview of the area under consideration. Twelve sampling points were picked with a grid of approximately 4 × 4 km. A 100 m line with two source points at each end was cleared at each data acquisition point after which the coordinates were taken using Leica Total station (TC 1203 survey equipment). Seismic signals were recorded using OYO McSeis 160M coupled with a 12-geophone harness along with a blasting unit. Upsphere processing software was used to plot time - offset graphs to determine the velocities of the unconsolidated and consolidated layers. The intercept times were also graphically obtained and used to determine the thickness of the unconsolidated layer. Results show that the thickness of unconsolidated/weathered layer in the study area varies between 12.25 and 13.60 m, while the velocities of the unconsolidated and the consolidated layers vary between 500 – 550 m/s and 1790 – 1875 m/s respectively. The results obtained when applied to the reflection data, were able to resolve the static problems; thereby increasing and improving the quality of data available on the lithology of the study area.
Abstract: Seismic refraction method is a geophysical technique used to study physical properties of the subsurface such as layer thicknesses, travel times and velocities of seismic signals through the layers. The process of turning seismic refraction data to useful information involves use of first arrival times and offsets. In this study, the near surface i...
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Analysis of Wellbore Drilling Hydraulics Applying a Transient Godunov Scheme Considering Variations of Injected Flow Rates
Rubén Nicolás-López,
Angel Sánchez-Barra,
Oscar Valdiviezo-Mijangos
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 5, September 2017
Pages:
116-123
Received:
30 May 2017
Accepted:
6 June 2017
Published:
24 October 2017
Abstract: A new application of the Godunov scheme to describe dynamic oil-well behavior is presented. The numerical model is able to capture discontinuities associated with surface flow-rate variations. The finite volume method and Riemann problems are utilized for building the unsteady discrete solution. Initial and boundary conditions are related to cases of static, steady and transient well condition. Well data used in simulation are taken from true operational conditions and well mechanical configuration. The results of Godunov’s modeling describe the behavior of transient pressure and transient flow rate inside drill pipe and annulus. These profiles are commonly caused by turning on, adjusting mud flow rate and turning off the rig pumps. The evaluated rig indicators are: back pressure, pumping pressure, bottomhole pressure and injected flow rate. Calculated transient profiles are physically consistent and in good agreement with published well data. Therefore, engineering contribution is the application of first-order Godunov method to evaluate the transient hydraulics whereas variations of mud flow rate; also, the analysis and interpretation of the dynamic pressure behavior travelling inside the well. The Godunov scheme has robust engineering applications for modeling the transient drilling hydraulics, e.g., managed pressure drilling, hydraulics of pipe connections, and foam cementing, as well.
Abstract: A new application of the Godunov scheme to describe dynamic oil-well behavior is presented. The numerical model is able to capture discontinuities associated with surface flow-rate variations. The finite volume method and Riemann problems are utilized for building the unsteady discrete solution. Initial and boundary conditions are related to cases ...
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